Local cache maintenance for media content

ABSTRACT

A media device and methods that identify playback states reachable from a current content playback state and identify a reachable state that is likely to occur, are disclosed. A memory associated with the media device may receive frames that enable a smooth transition between the playback state and the reachable state. The media device may receive frames that correspond to points in the content that are separated by an amount of time that is proportional to the playback rate of the likely state. The frames may be frames corresponding to an image that may be played back at the playback rate of the likely state.

CROSS REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS

This application is a continuation of U.S. patent application Ser. No.16/204,858, filed Nov. 29, 2018, which is a continuation of U.S. patentapplication Ser. No. 14/832,233, filed Aug. 21, 2015, now U.S. Pat. No.10,178,196, each of which is incorporated by reference in theirentirety.

BACKGROUND

Media content such as movies or live television may be streamed over anetwork, such as the Internet, to a media device. In some cases, thelarge amounts of data associated with media content, such as a movie,may make it impractical to transmit the content in its entirety to themedia device prior to commencing playback. In other cases, such as alive broadcast, the entirety of the content may not be available whenviewing commences.

Streaming of the media content may be interrupted due to a variety ofpossible technical factors. In some cases, conditions such as networkcongestion may cause delivery of the content to fail. In other cases,the media server might be overloaded and fall behind in transmittingcontent to the media device. Accordingly, in order to provide continuousplayback, content may be transmitted from the media server and cached onthe device prior to play back. Typically, the contents of the cache aremaintained such that the cache includes content sufficient for severalseconds of playback beyond the current playback location so that, in theevent that the stream is disrupted, playback can continue uninterruptedusing the contents of the cache. Existing systems and methods formaintaining cached content are lacking. These and other needs arepresented and addressed in the present disclosure.

SUMMARY

Systems and methods for maintaining a local cache of media content aredescribed. In an example, a media device comprises a memory on which acache of media content is maintained. The media device may enter a firststate in which a continuous segment of the media content is maintainedin the cache, centered around a point in the content where the playbackis occurring. For example, the media device may enter a normal playbackstate where it plays content from its cache at a normal rate. Thecontinuous segment maintained in its cache may help to avoid displayproblems that may be caused by network slowdowns or other causes, aswell as support functions such as fast-forwarding and rewinding. Thecontinuous segment may also help avoid a need to establish a sessionwith a media server in order to download additional content. Largersegments may offer better support for these functions, but the amount ofmemory space available for use by the cache may be limited. In addition,downloading larger content segments may cause higher utilization ofbandwidth between the media device and the media server. The bandwidthutilization may also be wasted in cases where the content is noteventually played back, such as when a user of the media device stopswatching the content.

The media device, while playing content in the first state, may identifyother possible playback states that are reachable from the first state.For example, the media device in the normal playback state may identifythat it may next be transitioned into a 2× fast-forward state in whichthe content is played back at two times the normal rate, or a reversestate in which the content is played back in reverse. The reachableplayback states may, for example, be limited by controls available to auser of the media device. For example, where the media device has aninterface indicating that fast forward is two times the normal rate, theplayback states reachable from a state associated with normal-speedplayback might not include a four-times normal playback rate.

From among the reachable states, the media device may select a statethat is determined to be a possible next state. In an example scenario,the media device may determine that the next state may be a two timesnormal playback state. The media device may then request, from a mediaserver providing the content, that the media server send it portions ofthe content that are separated by an amount of time that is based on aplayback rate associated with the possible next state. In the scenariowhere the next state may be a state where content is played back at twotimes the normal rate, the media device may request content comprisingevery other frame of the content as this, in some encodings, would besufficient for playback at the increased rate. The requested frames maybe dependent on the encoding and the desired rate of playback. Eachportion of the requested and received content may be a single frame ofthe content, rather than a continuous segment. If the media device doestransition to this state, it may play back the content by displaying thedownloaded portions. Since the downloaded portions of the content aretemporally spaced according to the new playback rate, less space in thecache is used to store content that might be skipped while in the newstate. In the event that the possible next state is not reached, lesscache space may be used than if a larger continuous segment had beendownloaded. In some instances, additional content, farther away from thecurrent playback point, may be downloaded.

Additional advantages will be set forth in part in the description thatfollows or may be learned by practice. The advantages will be realizedand attained by means of the elements and combinations listed in theappended claims. Both the foregoing general description and thefollowing detailed description are exemplary and explanatory only.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

The accompanying drawings, which are incorporated in and constitute apart of this specification, illustrate embodiments or various aspectsthereof, and together with the description, serve to explain theprinciples of the methods, systems, and computer program products:

FIG. 1 is a block diagram depicting an example media distributionsystem.

FIG. 2 is a diagram depicting determination of a likely next state.

FIG. 3 is a diagram depicting content frames downloaded for a currentstate and an estimated next state.

FIG. 4 is a diagram depicting content frames downloaded for a currentstate and two estimated next states.

FIG. 5 depicts an example of a cache comprising quality-adjusted keyframes.

FIG. 6 depicts an example of a cache comprising continuous segments offrames anchored by key frames for a possible next state.

FIG. 7 is a flow diagram depicting a process for managing cache usage ofa media device.

FIG. 8 is a flow diagram depicting a process for managing cache usage ofa media device.

FIG. 9 is a block diagram depicting various aspects of a computingenvironment in which aspects of the present disclosure may be practiced.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION

The methods and systems described herein may involve maintaining a cacheof media content for playback by a media device. The media device maymaintain the cache for various reasons, which may include, but are notlimited to, avoiding interruptions in playback caused by networkcongestion or server delays, support for operations such asfast-forwarding or rewinding, and so forth.

Playback of the content can include rendering audio and/or visualcontent, for example, represented by the data stored in the cache.Playback may also involve a decoding process in which compressed data isconverted to a format that is suitable for rendering. Typically, contentdata is represented as frames, which can refer to a discreetrepresentation of the media content at a particular point in time. Theframes of the content can be represented in various ways, such as, forexample, in one of the various Moving Picture Experts Group (“MPEG”)formats. Playback of the content may include decoding the frame dataaccording to the particular format being used and rendering the framesat an appropriate rate to produce (in the case of visual content) amoving image. Playback may also include processing of other data, suchas data related to media device settings, surround lighting, and soforth.

The media device may support various playback states, such as, forexample, playback at normal speed, fast-forwarding at various speedmultiples, rewinding, skipping, and so forth. Each of these states mayhave an associated playback rate. The playback rate may refer to framesof content that are displayed per unit of time. For example, movies maybe played at 24 frames per second. The playback rate can also correlateto frames that may be skipped during playback. For example, if eachframe of the content is played back during normal-speed playback, thenevery other frame might be played back when the rate of playback istwice as high. In some instances, such as a skipping playback state,relatively large sections of content may be skipped, but playback mayresume at normal speed starting at some demarcation point in thecontent, such as aligned with a chapter of content.

When the media device is in a particular playback state, there may be aset of other playback states that are reachable from the particularplayback state. For example, when the media device is in the normalplayback state and playing content at normal speed, the media devicemight support entering a 2× fast-forward state in which it displayscontent in a 2× fast-forward mode, and may also support entering areverse state in which it displays content in a reverse or rewind mode.Other states, such as playing back content in a 4× fast-forward state,might not be reachable unless the media device first enters the 2×fast-forward state.

The media device may maintain a segment of content in the cache in orderto support playback in the media device's current playback state. Thesegment may be a continuous segment, which refers to temporal continuityin the content. For example, the segment might consist of frame dataover a non-interrupted thirty second period, centered on the currentplayback point of the media device. The segment may be maintained as asliding window, so that as new frames are added to the head of thesegment, old frames are removed from the end.

The media device may also maintain in cache additional portions of thecontent so as to be prepared to support a possible next state to whichthe media device may transition. The possible next state may be selectedfrom those states that are reachable from the current state. Inaddition, the possible next state that is to be represented in the cachemay be selected based on estimates of their respective likelihoods. Forexample, a fast-forward state might be estimated to be more likely thana rewind state when the current state is playback at normal speed. Insome instances, contextual data of various types might be used, such asthe current playback location, proximity to a commercial or othercontent feature, data concerning the presence of a user of the mediadevice, and so on.

The media device may also maintain the additional portions of contentfor the next possible state as a sliding window. In an exampleembodiment, the additional portions may be discontinuous rather thancontinuous. In some instances, each portion may be a frame of contentthat is temporally separated from other frames by an amount of time thatis selected based on the playback rate of the possible next state. Forexample, for a possible fast-forward state that plays back at twicenormal speed, the downloaded frames maintained in cache might correspondto every other frame in the content. Where the next state is afast-forward stat that plays at four times normal speed, the framesmaintained in cache might correspond to every fourth frame in theoriginal content.

If the possible next state is entered, playback in that state may usethe discontinuous portions. In the scenario where the media devicetransitions into a fast forward state, the media device may play thediscontinuous frames at a conventional frame rate, and thereby producethe effect of fast-forwarding through the content. Because each of thedownloaded frames is used, less space in the cache may be used to storeframes that may not be needed. Note that even if the fast-forward statewas never entered, in some instances the downloaded frames might beincorporated into the continuous segment used to support the currentstate, which could help avoid duplicative downloads of the same frame,and might also allow for caching content that is further away from thecurrent playback point.

FIG. 1 is a diagram depicting an example media distribution system. Acontent source 110, which can be a computing device such as a contentserver, may distribute content over a network 108 to a media device 100.The content source 110 may be any system that is programmed to transmitor access content consistent with the description herein, and may be,for example, a video/audio server, a content delivery network (CDN), acable head end, or any other suitable system. Content can include anysuitable audio and/or visual data such as, for example, movies,television programs, music, audio recordings, and so on. The contentsource 110 may transmit the content over the network 108 which mycomprise any suitable networks including, for example, the Internet, awide-area network, a local-area network, a cable network, etc. Due tothe amount of data associated with the content, the content may bestreamed rather than being downloaded in its entirety prior to playback.In some cases, as with a live television broadcast, the full set ofcontent may not be available for download and the content source 110 maytransmit data for the live broadcast as it occurs, or after a shortdelay.

The media device 100 may receive the transmitted content and cause it tobe reproduced via a playback module 102. The media device 100 may be anysystem or device suitable to provide playback and caching features asdescribed herein including, for example, a set top box, a desktopcomputing system, a tablet computing system, a mobile phone, etc. Asshown, the media device 100 comprises a playback module 102. Theplayback module 102 might, for example, cause the content to bedisplayed on a video screen or output by an audio speaker. The playbackmodule 102 may obtain data for the content from a memory 106. The memory106 may include various forms of non-transitory storage such as, forexample, dynamic random access memory, flash memory, solid state drives,and so forth. The playback module 102 may use the memory 106 as a cacheto avoid pauses, jitters, or other conditions that may be caused byirregular or unpredictable behavior on the part of the network 108. Theplayback module 102 may support functions such as rewinding,fast-forwarding, pausing, and skipping. The playback module 102 can usethe content data stored in the memory 106 in order to support thesefunctions with less latency than might occur if the data had to beretrieved directly from the content source 110.

The cache management module 104 may participate in receivingtransmissions (e.g., streams, file transfers, etc.) of content from thecontent source 110 and storing data from the transmission, for example,in the memory 106. The content transmissions may comprise a primarytransmission 114 and a predictive transmission 116. A stream may becommunicated over a communications channel opened between the contentsource 110 and a component of the media device 100, such as the cachemanagement module 104 and associated hardware for receiving datatransmitted over the network 108.

In an example scenario, the content source 110 may transmit the primarytransmission 114 for use by the media device 100 in the media device's100 current state. For example, the media device might be in anormal-speed playback state, as might be the case when the media deviceis causing a movie or television program to be displayed on a screen atits conventional speed. The data transmitted by the content source 110may comprise content frames. A frame can include key frames comprisingcomplete images and differential frames describing differences withrespect to a key frame. A key frame may sometimes be referred to as an“I-frame,” while a differential frame may sometimes be referred to as a“P-frame” or “B-frame.” Differential frames may be smaller than keyframes because they describe the changes between a previous orsubsequent frame rather than a complete image. When there is relativelylittle motion or other changes between two frames, a differential framemay be significantly smaller than a key frame. One the other hand, atcertain points—such as when a scene changes—a key frame may be the bestrepresentation.

The predictive transmission 116 may be transmitted by the content source110 for use by the media device 100 in a possible next state of themedia device 100. The cache management module 104 may predict the nextstate of the media device 100 based on the media device's 100 currentstate, and retrieve content frames for the possible next state while themedia device 100 is in a current state. For example, if the media device100 is playing content at a normal speed, possible next states mightinclude fast-forwarding at 2× speed, rewinding at 2× speed, or skippingto the next section of content. The cache management module 104 mightform an estimate of the relative likelihood of these states and selectone as the most likely. The estimated likelihood may refer to anestimated probability of the state occurring, given various factors suchas the current state. The cache management module 104 might, forexample, select fast-forwarding at 2× speed as the state most likely tofollow the current state of playing content back at normal speed.

The cache management module 104 may improve efficient utilization of thememory 106 by downloading a subset of content frames from the contentsource 110. The subset of content frames may correspond to those thatwould be utilized in the most likely next state that was identified bythe cache management module 104. In cases where the most likely nextstate is fast-forwarding, the subset of frames might correspond to keyframes separated temporally by an amount of time that is proportional tothe fast-forwarding rate. For example, for a 2× fast-forward speed, thecache management module 104 might request from the content source 110 adiscontinuous set of frames, where the time between each frame is twicewhat it would be when the content is played at normal-speed playback. Insome instances, the requested frames may comprise a key frame and adiscontinuous set of key frames or differential frames, such as I or Pframes. In other cases, the frames may comprise a key frame and Pframes, without including B frames.

The cache management module 104 may predict a likely next state of themedia device 100 based on a number of factors. FIG. 2 is a diagramdepicting determination of a likely next state.

The cache management module 104 may access a state transition graph 200,or some other data structure capable of representing state relationshipssuch as those depicted in FIG. 2. These may include data structures suchas lists, arrays, maps, or graphs. Alternatively, a procedural mechanismsuch as those that utilize case statements or “if . . . then . . . else”statements may be utilized to represent the depicted staterelationships. It will be appreciated, however, that the particularstates 202-208 and state transitions 210-218 depicted in FIG. 2 areprovided for explanatory purposes, and should not be construed aslimiting the scope of the present disclosure.

Based on control metadata 220, the cache management module 104 mightdetermine that when the media device 100 is in a play 202 state, two ofthe next possible states are a rewind 204 state and a 2× fast-forward206 state. The possible states might be limited by the controls used tooperate the media device 100. For example, a remote control device mightonly possess a single fast-forward button, which could be pressed onceto enter the 2× fast-forward 206 state and twice to enter a 4×fast-forward 208 state. As a result, from the play 202 state the 2×fast-forward 206 state might be a possible next state. Similarly, fromthe 2× fast-forward 206 state, the possible states might be the play 202state and the 4× fast-forward 208 state. The control metadata 220 maycontain information that reflects these possible limitations on the nextpossible states of the media device 100.

The cache management module 104 might, in some instances, estimatelikelihoods associated with various possible state transitions based onusage pattern metadata 222. The manner in which a user of the mediadevice 100, or of users in general, may be indicative of patterns suchas frequently rewinding after fast-forwarding, frequently advancing to afaster fast-forward speed, and so forth. In FIG. 2, for example, thecache management module 104 might estimate relative probabilities oftransitioning from the 2× fast-forward 206 state to either one of theplay 202 state or the 4× fast-forward 208 state.

The likelihood of particular state transitions may also be determinedwith respect to content metadata 224. The cache management module 104might, for example, determine that the play 202 state is more likelythan the 4× fast-forward 208 state, relative to a current 2×fast-forward 206 state, when a content boundary is being approached.This might be the case, for example, if the user is fast-forwardingthrough the credit sequence of a television program or a movie.

The state transitions predicted by the cache management module 104 maybe used to download content frames that may be accessed if the mediadevice 100 enters the predicted state. In various instances, the cachemanagement module 104 may use the state transition graph 200, or someequivalent, to predict which state may be the most likely to occur nextand to transmit requests to the content source 110 to download framesthat could be used if the media device 100 does enter that state.

FIG. 3 is a diagram depicting content frames downloaded for a currentstate and an estimated next state. FIG. 3 depicts the downloaded framesas being arranged according to a temporal order 312. It will beappreciated, however, that the depicted arrangement of the frames is forexplanatory purposes, and should not be viewed as limiting the scope ofthe present disclosure.

Frames for a continuous segment 300 of the content may be downloaded toa cache, such as the memory 106 depicted in FIG. 1. The continuoussegment 300 of the content may correspond to a temporally orderedportion of the content. It might, for example, comprise all key framesand differential frames corresponding to a 30-second period of thecontent.

The continuous segment 300 may be maintained by the cache managementmodule 104 as a sliding window of content anchored on a playback point302, which may refer to the portion of the content currently beingdisplayed on the media device 100. The continuous segment 300 maycomprise all of the key frames and differential frames needed for normalplayback of the content for some period of time. For example, thecontinuous segment 300 may contain all I-frames, P-frames, and B-framesneeded for normal playback for the period of time covered by the slidingwindow. In FIG. 3, the playback point 302 is depicted as being locatedsomewhere towards the end of the continuous segment 300. In variousaspects, location of the playback point 302 may be adjusted temporallyforward or backward with respect to the playback point 302.

The continuous segment 300 may aid playback by reducing the incidence ofvarious issues such as undesired pauses as well as minimizing latencyeffects when transitioning between states. These might occur, forexample, when the user enters a rewind state and the media device 100responds by contacting the content source 110 to obtain data to displayduring the rewind state. The benefit of maintaining the continuoussegment 300 may increase according to its size. However, the size of thecache in which the continuous segment 300 is stored may typically belimited. A second set of data, depicted in FIG. 3 as a set of key frames304, 306, 308, and 310, may be downloaded and stored in the cache inresponse to estimating which of various possible playback states arelikely to follow the current playback state of the media device 100.

The key frames 304-310 may correspond to points in the content that aretemporally separated by some amount of time. The amount of time may beproportional to the state that has been estimated as being a likely nextstate. For example, if the predicted next state is a fast-forwardfunction that displays content at a rate that is four times greater thannormal speed playback, then the key frames may correspond to points inthe content that are temporally separated by an amount of time that issuited to playback at four times normal speed. If key frames for contentplayback at normal speed correspond to points in the content that allowsfor normal-speed playback at 30 frames per second, the key framesdownloaded for the predicted next state of playback at four times normalspeed might correspond to points in the content that would play back at7.5 frames per second if played back at normal speed, and when playedback at 30 frames per second give the effect of playing back at fourtimes normal speed. Accordingly, the cache portion for the predictednext state might include key frames corresponding to points in thecontent at 7.5 frames per second instead of 30 frames per second. Insome instances, this may be equivalent to skipping three out of everyfour key frames in the content.

The cache management module 104 may periodically refresh the continuoussegment 300 and the set of key frames 304-310 so that they remaincurrent. For example, as time passes, the older portions of thecontinuous segment 300 may be removed from a cache 314, as more recentframes (with respect to the temporal order 312 of the content) areadded. In some instances, the key frames 304-310 may be I-frames. Thekey frames 304-310 downloaded in anticipation of a possible next statemay be incorporated into the continuous segment 300, thus helping toavoid the downloading of duplicative data. In some instances, older keyframes may be dropped from the set of key frames 304-310 as more recentframes are added.

In some instances, some or all of key frames 304-310 may be replaced bynon-key frames, such as P-frames or B-frames. This may occur, forexample, where a previous key frame may be used in combination with adifferential frame, even though the frames are discontinuous.

In some instances, the cache management module 104 may maintain data fortwo or more predicted next states. FIG. 4 is a diagram depicting contentframes downloaded for a current state and two estimated next states. Asan example, FIG. 4 depicts these two states as a rewind state and afast-forward state. These examples are intended to be illustrative, andshould not be viewed as limiting the scope of the present disclosure. Atemporal order 402 is depicted in order to illustrate the logicalordering of data within a cache 410. However, it will be appreciatedthat in various instances the actual ordering of data within the cache410 may be varied.

A continuous segment 406 of the content may be maintained as a slidingwindow around a playback point 400. However, as compared to thecontinuous segment 300 in FIG. 3, the continuous segment 406 depicted inFIG. 4 may be smaller, allowing for more room in the cache 410 for datathat may be used in a possible next state of the media device 100. Forexample, as depicted in FIG. 4, a set of key frames 404 may be stored inthe cache 410 for a possible rewind state, and another set of key frames408 may be stored for a possible fast-forward state. The key frames 404may represent a complete frame in a stream of content. For example, inan MPEG video stream, a key frame, sometimes called an I-frame, may beincluded periodically to represent a complete frame. The data for theI-frame may consist, for example, of bitmap data for the imagecorresponding to the frame. In addition to I-frames, the stream mayinclude differential frames. Each differential frame may representchanges to the displayed video frame relative to an I-frame. B-framesare bi-directional differential frames that may reference preceding andsubsequent I-frames. P-frames are differential frames that describechanges to the image subsequent to a preceding I-frame. By processingthe stream of I-frames, B-frames, and/or P-frames, an MPEG decoder mayproduce and display a continuous sequence of frames, and thereby rendera moving image.

The latency, or time to respond, to a request to retrieve thoseadditional frames may affect the number of frames that media device 100may download prior to a transition to the next state. For example, ifrequest latency is 500 milliseconds, the number of key frames 408 forthe fast-forward state in the cache 410 may be sufficient to sustain thefast-forward playback for 500 milliseconds. In some instances, thedeviation of latency values from an average might also be used indetermining how many frames are downloaded.

In some instances, the amount of cache space devoted to two or more nextpossible states may be adjusted with respect to the respectivelikelihood of those states. For example, if a likelihood of the nextstate being a rewind state is calculated to be less than that of thefast-forward state, then the key frames 404 for the rewind state may begiven less space than the key frames 408 for the fast-forward state.

In some instances, the number of next possible states for which cachespace is allocated may be based on latency factors. The media device 100may store a sufficient quantity of key frames to support playback at arate appropriate for the next state while also retrieving additionalframes for that state. When fewer frames are needed to represent aparticular next state, the media device 100 is able to store data formore possible states in the cache.

In some instances, data downloaded for playback of a next possible statemay be adjusted based on playback characteristics of the current state.For example, the quality of a current playback state may be identifiedand reflected in the quality of content data downloaded for a nextpossible state. This may allow for more seamless transitions betweenplayback states, since factors such as resolution or color depth may beheld constant in both a current and next playback state. Referring toFIG. 4, for example, the data downloaded for continuous segment 406 maycorrespond to a particular level of resolution and color depth. Theresolution and color depth for the key frames 404-408 downloaded fornext possible states may be selected to match those of continuoussegment 406.

FIG. 5 depicts an example of a cache comprising quality-adjusted keyframes. A temporal order 516 is depicted in order to illustrate thelogical ordering of data within a cache 500. However, it will beappreciated that in various instances the actual ordering of data withinthe cache 500 may be varied.

The cache 500 may have stored within it data for a continuous segment502 of content corresponding to a current playback state. A playbackcharacteristic of the current state might correspond to factors such asresolution or color depth. For example, scalable video coding (“SVC”) orhigh-efficiency video coding (“HEVC”) may allow for increases ordecreases to video resolution within transmitted content. One way thismay be accomplished is through the use of a key frame at a lowerresolution and one or more additional quality layers that may provideadditional resolution. The quality layers may be included or excludedbased on a sustainable rate at which content can be received by aclient, such as the media device 100 depicted in FIG. 1. Accordingly, itmight be the case that the cache 500 has stored within it key frames andquality layers corresponding to the quality level of the current state.

For a next possible state, the cache 500 may have stored within it anumber of key frames 504 and 506. In addition, if the quality level ofthe current state is medium, then the cache 500 could have stored withinit medium-quality layers 508 and 510 corresponding to the key frames 504and 506. If the quality level of the current state became high-quality,then high-quality layers 512 and 514 corresponding to the key frames 504and 506 could also be added to the cache 500. By storing quality layerscorresponding to the current playback state, there may be a reduction inperceived quality differences between the playback during the currentstate and playback during the next state.

In one example, an SVC encoding might include a base layer correspondingto a “low” video quality. The base layer might, for example, be encodedat a 480p resolution. The SVC encoding might also include an additionalencoding layer corresponding to a “medium” video quality providing 720presolution, and a “high” video quality providing 1080p resolution. Thekey frames 504 and 506 might be at 480p resolution. If data for thecontinuous segment 502 has been received at the medium video quality,the medium-quality layers 508 and 510 might also be downloaded inaddition to the key-frames 504 and 506, in order to enhance theresolution of the key frames 504 and 506 to 720p.

In some instances, the cache management module 104 may, in anticipationof a possible next state, download continuous segments of contentanchored by a key frame. FIG. 6 depicts an example of a cache comprisingcontinuous segments of frames anchored by key frames for a possible nextstate. A temporal order 612 is depicted in order to illustrate thelogical ordering of data within a cache 600. However, it will beappreciated that in various instances the actual ordering of data withinthe cache 600 may be varied.

The cache 600 may have stored within it a continuous segment 602 offrame data. The continuous segment 602 may comprise both key frames anddifferential frames corresponding to a continuous segment of the content(i.e., a segment of the content without any temporal gaps). The cachemanagement module 104 may cause key frames 604 and 606 to be downloadedin anticipation of a possible next state. The key frames 604 and 606 maybe separated temporally by an amount of time that is based on the speedof playback in the possible next state.

The cache management module 104 may also download additional frames 608and 610 in anticipation of the possible next state. A set of additionalframes 608 may comprise differential frames associated with thecorresponding key frame 604. Note that although FIG. 6 depicts thedifferential frames 608 as being temporally ordered subsequent to thecorresponding key frame 604, in some cases a differential frame mayrefer to a key frame that occurs after the differential frame intemporal order. The additional frames 608 corresponding to key frame 604might also comprise key frames. Taken together, the key frame 604 andthe additional frames 608 may represent a continuous segment 614 of thecontent.

The length of the continuous segment 614 of the content formed by thekey frame 604 and the additional frames 608 may be based on latencyfactors, such as an amount of time estimated by the cache managementmodule 104 to be needed to receive additional frames to continueplayback at a point starting on key frame 604. For example, if the mediadevice 100 were to resume normal speed playback after a fast-forwardoperation, starting with the key frame 604, the additional frames 608might be used to allow for normal speed playback while the framesfilling in a gap 618 between two continuous segments 614 and 616 may beretrieved from the content source 110. Note that the depicted gap 618refers to separation of the frames with respect to points in thecontent, not to unfilled space in the cache 600.

In some instances, the continuous segments 614 and 616 may be of unequallength. For example, the number of the additional frames 610 in onecontinuous segment 616 might be fewer than in another continuous segment614. In some instances, the number of frames in a particular segment maybe based on temporal distance. In some instances, the cache managementmodule 104 may download fewer frames for the more distant continuoussegment 616.

FIG. 7 is a flow diagram depicting a process for managing cache usage ofa media device. Although FIG. 7 is depicted as a sequence of steps, thedepicted sequence should not be construed as limiting the scope of thepresent disclosure. In various cases, aspects, and embodiments, thesteps and depicted operations may be altered, omitted, reordered, orperformed in parallel.

At block 700, a media device may display content in a real-time playbackstate. A real-time playback state may refer to content playback atnormal viewing speed, including live broadcasts or other transmittedcontent. Typically, real-time playback involves continuous segments ofcontent data including key frames and differential frames. For example,in an MPEG movie, a real-time playback state may include processing ofI-frames, B-frames, and P-frames.

While in a real-time playback state, the media device may download keyframes based on a predicted next state. The media device may, forexample, calculate an estimated likelihood that the next state will be anon-real-time playback state such as fast-forward or rewind. Thesestates are sometimes referred to as “trick play” states. As depicted byblock 702, the media device may download key frames based on thepredicted next state. The downloaded key frames may, moreover,correspond to the predicted next state being a non-real-time playbackstate. For example, the period of time between the downloaded key framesmay be based in part on the speed of the fast-forward state and in parton the period of time between key frames in the content source.

Block 704 depicts the media device downloading differential framesassociated with the downloaded key frames in response to entering thepredicted next state. For example, upon entering the non-real-timeplayback state, the media device may predict that the next most likelystate is a real-time playback state. The media device may then begindownloading differential frames associated with the previouslydownloaded key frames.

Block 706 depicts the media device, upon reentering the real-timeplayback state, displaying images at a normal speed using the downloadedkey frames and the downloaded differential frames.

The media device may, in some instances, base cache utilization on thecurrent playback state and the predicted next state. While playing backcontent at normal speed, the media device may utilize its cache byfilling a portion of the cache with a continuous segment centered on thecurrent playback point, and filling another portion with key frames fora predicted next state. The predicted next state may be a non-real-timeor “trick play” state that may be displayed using the downloaded keyframes when the trick play state is entered. While in the trick playstate, the media device may fill a portion of its cache with key framescentered around the playback point of the current trick play state. Themedia device may fill another portion of its cache with frames for apredicted next state, such as a real-time playback state. In some cases,this may involve downloading differential frames associated with the keyframes being used to display the current trick play state. Thedownloading of the differential frames may be based on a predictedplayback point for the predicted next state. For example, if in afast-forward state, the media device may estimate a likely initial pointfor playback at normal speed, and download differential framesassociated with key frames at and subsequent to that point.

FIG. 8 is a flow diagram depicting a process for managing cache usage ofa media device. Although FIG. 8 is depicted as a sequence of steps, thedepicted sequence should not be construed as limiting the scope of thepresent disclosure. In various cases, aspects, and embodiments, thesteps and depicted operations may be altered, omitted, reordered, orperformed in parallel.

At block 800, a media device may receive input corresponding to a firstplayback state. This could, for example, include a media devicereceiving input from a remote control instructing the media device tobegin playing content at an ordinary viewing speed. The input might, forexample, supply a channel for content or indicate that a recordedprogram should be played. The cache management module 104 may, inreceiving and processing the input, begin to download content to a cachemaintained in a memory of the media device.

At block 802, the cache management module 104 may select a secondplayback state as a next possible state. As depicted by FIG. 2, a givenstate such as a play 202 state may be associated with one or more otherstates that are reachable from that state. In FIG. 2, for example, the2× fast-forward 206 state and the rewind 204 state are reachable fromthe play 202 state. The cache management module may, based on variousprobabilities associated with reachable states, select a state as theone that is most likely to be the next state. In some instances, thecache management module 104 may base amounts of storage space to use forcaching data for possible states, based on the respective probabilitiescalculated by the cache management module 104.

As depicted by block 804, the cache management module may determine arate of playback for the second state. The playback rate may refer toframes displayed per unit of time. The playback rate may correlate toframes of the content that may be skipped or added while playback is inthe second state. For example, if each frame of the content is playedback during normal-speed playback, then every other frame might beplayed back when the rate of playback is twice as high. Alternatively,if current playback state is fast forward or rewind where not all framesare played back, then in the second state every frame may be playedback.

Block 806 depicts transmitting a request to receive frames that maycorrespond to points in the content that are temporally separated by anamount of time that may be based at least in part on the playback rate.For example, for normal speed playback, each frame might be temporallyseparated by approximately 33 milliseconds, assuming a 30frames-per-second frame rate. At two times normal speed, the request toreceive the frames might indicate that the frames should representpoints in the content that are approximately 66 milliseconds apart. Insome instances, the request may specify that related content, such asaudio content associated with video content, is to be excluded. In otherinstances, the request may specify (or it could be implied) that relatedcontent should be included.

Block 808 depicts displaying the frames in response to entering thesecond state. Displaying the frames may comprise displaying framesreceived in response to the request transmitted at block 806. The phaseand rate of playback may be aligned to that of the received frames. Forexample, upon entering a playback state corresponding to two timesnormal speed, the playback module 102 might, continuing the example ofthe preceding paragraph, display the received frames at a rate of oneframe every 66 milliseconds. It may be the case that more frames thannecessary have been received, or that the received frames don't alignprecisely with the desired phase or rate of playback. In such cases, thephase can be aligned by delaying the display of certain frames and therate at which frames are played

FIG. 9 depicts a computing device that may be used in various aspects,such as the media device 102 depicted in FIG. 1. The computerarchitecture shown in FIG. 9 may correspond to a set-top box, remotecontrol device, home automation system, desktop computer, laptop,tablet, network appliance, e-reader, smartphone, or other computingdevice, and may be utilized to execute any aspects of the computersdescribed herein, such as to implement the operating procedures of FIGS.7 and 8.

A computing device 900 may include a baseboard, or “motherboard,” whichis a printed circuit board to which a multitude of components or devicesmay be connected by way of a system bus or other electricalcommunication paths. One or more central processing units (“CPUs”) 904may operate in conjunction with a chipset 906. CPU(s) 904 may bestandard programmable processors that perform arithmetic and logicaloperations necessary for the operation of computing device 900.

The CPU(s) 904 may perform the necessary operations by transitioningfrom one discrete physical state to the next through the manipulation ofswitching elements that differentiate between and change these states.Switching elements may generally include electronic circuits thatmaintain one of two binary states, such as flip-flops, and electroniccircuits that provide an output state based on the logical combinationof the states of one or more other switching elements, such as logicgates. These basic switching elements may be combined to create morecomplex logic circuits including registers, adders-subtractors,arithmetic logic units, floating-point units, and the like.

The CPU(s) 904 may, in various embodiments, be augmented with orreplaced by other processing units, such as GPU(s) (now shown). GPU(s)may comprise processing units specialized for but not necessarilylimited to highly parallel computations, such as graphics and othervisualization-related processing.

A chipset 906 may provide an interface between the CPU(s) 904 and theremainder of the components and devices on the baseboard. The chipset806 may provide an interface to a random access memory (“RAM”) 908 usedas the main memory in the computing device 900. The chipset 906 mayfurther provide an interface to a computer-readable storage medium, suchas a read-only memory (“ROM”) 920 or non-volatile RAM (“NVRAM”) (notshown), for storing basic routines that may help to start up thecomputing device 900 and to transfer information between the variouscomponents and devices. ROM 920 or NVRAM may also store other softwarecomponents necessary for the operation of the computing device 900 inaccordance with the aspects described herein.

The computing device 900 may operate in a networked environment usinglogical connections to remote computing nodes and computer systemsthrough a local area network (“LAN”) 916. The chipset 906 may includefunctionality for providing network connectivity through a networkinterface controller (NIC) 922, such as a gigabit Ethernet adapter. TheNIC 922 may be capable of connecting the computing device 900 to othercomputing nodes over the network 916. It should be appreciated thatmultiple NICs 922 may be present in the computing device 900, connectingthe computing device to other types of networks and remote computersystems.

The computing device 900 may be connected to a mass storage device 910that provides non-volatile storage for the computing device 900. Themass storage device 910 may store system programs, application programs,other program modules, and data, which have been described in greaterdetail herein. The mass storage device 910 may be connected to computingdevice 900 through a storage controller 924 connected to the chipset906. The mass storage device 910 may consist of one or more physicalstorage units. A storage controller 924 may interface with the physicalstorage units through a serial attached SCSI (“SAS”) interface, a serialadvanced technology attachment (“SATA”) interface, a fiber channel(“FC”) interface, or other type of interface for physically connectingand transferring data between computers and physical storage units.

The computing device 900 may store data on the mass storage device 910by transforming the physical state of the physical storage units toreflect the information being stored. The specific transformation of aphysical state may depend on various factors and on differentimplementations of this description. Examples of such factors mayinclude, but are not limited to, the technology used to implement thephysical storage units and whether the mass storage device 910 ischaracterized as primary or secondary storage and the like.

For example, the computing device 900 may store information to the massstorage device 910 by issuing instructions through the storagecontroller 924 to alter the magnetic characteristics of a particularlocation within a magnetic disk drive unit, the reflective or refractivecharacteristics of a particular location in an optical storage unit, orthe electrical characteristics of a particular capacitor, transistor, orother discrete component in a solid-state storage unit. Othertransformations of physical media are possible without departing fromthe scope and spirit of the present description, with the foregoingexamples provided only to facilitate this description. The computingdevice 900 may further read information from mass storage device 910 bydetecting the physical states or characteristics of one or moreparticular locations within the physical storage units.

In addition to the mass storage device 910 described above, thecomputing device 900 may have access to other computer-readable storagemedia to store and retrieve information, such as program modules, datastructures, or other data. It should be appreciated by those skilled inthe art that computer-readable storage media may be any available mediathat provides for the storage of non-transitory data and that may beaccessed by the computing device 900.

By way of example and not limitation, computer-readable storage mediamay include volatile and non-volatile, transitory computer-readablestorage media and non-transitory computer-readable storage media, andremovable and non-removable media implemented in any method ortechnology. Computer-readable storage media includes, but is not limitedto, RAM, ROM, erasable programmable ROM (“EPROM”), electrically erasableprogrammable ROM (“EEPROM”), flash memory or other solid-state memorytechnology, compact disc ROM (“CD-ROM”), digital versatile disk (“DVD”),high definition DVD (“HD-DVD”), BLU-RAY, or other optical storage,magnetic cassettes, magnetic tape, magnetic disk storage, other magneticstorage devices, or any other medium that can be used to store thedesired information in a non-transitory fashion.

The mass storage device 910 may store an operating system utilized tocontrol the operation of the computing device 900. According to oneembodiment, the operating system comprises a version of the LINUXoperating system. According to another embodiment, the operating systemcomprises a version of the WINDOWS SERVER operating system from theMICROSOFT Corporation. According to further aspects, the operatingsystem may comprise a version of the UNIX operating system. Variousmobile phone operating systems, such as IOS and ANDROID, may also beutilized in some embodiments. It should be appreciated that otheroperating systems may also be utilized. The mass storage device 910 maystore other system or application programs and data utilized by thecomputing device 900.

The mass storage device 910 or other computer-readable storage media mayalso be encoded with computer-executable instructions, which, whenloaded into the computing device 900, transforms the computing devicefrom a general-purpose computing system into a special-purpose computercapable of implementing the aspects described herein. Thesecomputer-executable instructions transform the computing device 900 byspecifying how the CPU(s) 904 transition between states, as describedabove. The computing device 900 may have access to computer-readablestorage media storing computer-executable instructions, which, whenexecuted by the computing device 900, may perform operating proceduresdepicted in FIG. 8.

The computing device 900 may also include an input/output controller 932for receiving and processing input from a number of input devices, suchas a keyboard, a mouse, a touchpad, a touch screen, an electronicstylus, or other type of input device. Similarly, the input/outputcontroller 932 may provide output to a display, such as a computermonitor, a flat-panel display, a digital projector, a printer, aplotter, or other type of output device. It will be appreciated that thecomputing device 900 may not include all of the components shown in FIG.9, may include other components that are not explicitly shown in FIG. 9,or may utilize an architecture completely different than that shown inFIG. 9.

As described herein, a computing node may be a physical computingdevice, such as the computing device 900 of FIG. 9. A computing node mayalso include a virtual machine host process and one or more virtualmachine instances operating on a physical computing device, such as thecomputing device 900. Computer-executable instructions may be executedby the physical hardware of a computing device indirectly throughinterpretation and/or execution of instructions stored and executed inthe context of a virtual machine.

It is to be understood that the methods and systems are not limited tospecific methods, specific components, or to particular implementations.It is also to be understood that the terminology used herein is for thepurpose of describing particular embodiments only and is not intended tobe limiting.

As used in the specification and the appended claims, the singular forms“a,” “an,” and “the” include plural referents unless the context clearlydictates otherwise.

“Optional” or “optionally” means that the subsequently described eventor circumstance may or may not occur, and that the description includesinstances where said event or circumstance occurs and instances where itdoes not.

Throughout the description and claims of this specification, the word“comprise” and variations of the word, such as “comprising” and“comprises,” means “including but not limited to,” and is not intendedto exclude, for example, other components, integers or steps.“Exemplary” means “an example of” and is not intended to convey anindication of a preferred or ideal embodiment. “Such as” is not used ina restrictive sense, but for explanatory purposes.

Disclosed are components that can be used to perform the disclosedmethods and systems. These and other components are disclosed herein,and it is understood that when combinations, subsets, interactions,groups, etc., of these components are disclosed that while specificreference of each various individual and collective combinations andpermutation of these may not be explicitly disclosed, each isspecifically contemplated and described herein, for all methods andsystems. This applies to all aspects of this application including, butnot limited to, operations in disclosed methods. Thus, if there are avariety of additional operations that can be performed it is understoodthat each of these additional operations can be performed with anyspecific embodiment or combination of embodiments of the disclosedmethods.

The present methods and systems may be understood more readily byreference to the following detailed description of preferred embodimentsand the examples included therein and to the figures and theirdescriptions.

As will be appreciated by one skilled in the art, the methods andsystems may take the form of an entirely hardware embodiment, anentirely software embodiment, or an embodiment combining software andhardware aspects. Furthermore, the methods and systems may take the formof a computer program product on a computer-readable storage mediumhaving computer-readable program instructions (e.g., computer software)embodied in the storage medium. More particularly, the present methodsand systems may take the form of web-implemented computer software. Anysuitable computer-readable storage medium may be utilized including harddisks, CD-ROMs, optical storage devices, or magnetic storage devices.

Embodiments of the methods and systems are described below withreference to diagrams and flowchart illustrations of methods, systems,apparatuses and computer program products. It will be understood thateach block of the diagrams and flowchart illustrations, and combinationsof blocks in the diagrams and flowchart illustrations, respectively, canbe implemented by computer program instructions. These computer programinstructions may be loaded on a general-purpose computer,special-purpose computer, or other programmable data processingapparatus to produce a machine, such that the instructions which executeon the computer or other programmable data processing apparatus create ameans for implementing the functions specified in the flowchart block orblocks.

These computer program instructions may also be stored in acomputer-readable memory that can direct a computer or otherprogrammable data processing apparatus to function in a particularmanner, such that the instructions stored in the computer-readablememory produce an article of manufacture including computer-readableinstructions for implementing the function specified in the flowchartblock or blocks. The computer program instructions may also be loadedonto a computer or other programmable data processing apparatus to causea series of operational steps to be performed on the computer or otherprogrammable apparatus to produce a computer-implemented process suchthat the instructions that execute on the computer or other programmableapparatus provide steps for implementing the functions specified in theflowchart block or blocks.

The various features and processes described above may be usedindependently of one another, or may be combined in various ways. Allpossible combinations and sub-combinations are intended to fall withinthe scope of this disclosure. In addition, certain methods or processblocks may be omitted in some implementations. The methods and processesdescribed herein are also not limited to any particular sequence, andthe blocks or states relating thereto can be performed in othersequences that are appropriate. For example, described blocks or statesmay be performed in an order other than that specifically disclosed, ormultiple blocks or states may be combined in a single block or state.The example blocks or states may be performed in serial, in parallel, orin some other manner. Blocks or states may be added to or removed fromthe disclosed example embodiments. The example systems and componentsdescribed herein may be configured differently than described. Forexample, elements may be added to, removed from, or rearranged comparedto the disclosed example embodiments.

It will also be appreciated that various items are illustrated as beingstored in memory or on storage while being used, and that these items orportions thereof may be transferred between memory and other storagedevices for purposes of memory management and data integrity.Alternatively, in other embodiments, some or all of the software modulesand/or systems may execute in memory on another device and communicatewith the illustrated computing systems via inter-computer communication.Furthermore, in some embodiments, some or all of the systems and/ormodules may be implemented or provided in other ways, such as at leastpartially in firmware and/or hardware, including, but not limited to,one or more application-specific integrated circuits (“ASICs”), standardintegrated circuits, controllers (e.g., by executing appropriateinstructions, and including microcontrollers and/or embeddedcontrollers), field-programmable gate arrays (“FPGAs”), complexprogrammable logic devices (“CPLDs”), etc. Some or all of the modules,systems, and data structures may also be stored (e.g., as softwareinstructions or structured data) on a computer-readable medium, such asa hard disk, a memory, a network, or a portable media article to be readby an appropriate device or via an appropriate connection. The systems,modules, and data structures may also be transmitted as generated datasignals (e.g., as part of a carrier wave or other analog or digitalpropagated signal) on a variety of computer-readable transmission media,including wireless-based and wired/cable-based media, and may take avariety of forms (e.g., as part of a single or multiplexed analogsignal, or as multiple discrete digital packets or frames). Suchcomputer program products may also take other forms in otherembodiments. Accordingly, the present invention may be practiced withother computer system configurations.

While the methods and systems have been described in connection withpreferred embodiments and specific examples, it is not intended that thescope be limited to the particular embodiments set forth, as theembodiments herein are intended in all respects to be illustrativerather than restrictive.

Unless otherwise expressly stated, it is in no way intended that anymethod set forth herein be construed as requiring that its operations beperformed in a specific order. Accordingly, where a method claim doesnot actually recite an order to be followed by its operations or it isnot otherwise specifically stated in the claims or descriptions that theoperations are to be limited to a specific order, it is no way intendedthat an order be inferred, in any respect. This holds for any possiblenon-express basis for interpretation, including: matters of logic withrespect to arrangement of steps or operational flow; plain meaningderived from grammatical organization or punctuation; and the number ortype of embodiments described in the specification.

It will be apparent to those skilled in the art that variousmodifications and variations can be made without departing from thescope or spirit of the present disclosure. Other embodiments will beapparent to those skilled in the art from consideration of thespecification and practices disclosed herein. It is intended that thespecification and example figures be considered as exemplary only, witha true scope and spirit being indicated by the following claims.

1. A method comprising: determining information indicative of a firststate of content playback on a media device, wherein the first state isassociated with playback of content at a first rate; predicting, basedon a probability of transitioning to a second state of content playbackfrom the first state, transitioning to the second state, wherein thesecond state is associated with playback of the content at a secondrate; sending, to a computing device and based on the predicting, amessage comprising a request for a plurality of frames of the contentthat are each separated by an amount of time based at least in part onthe second rate; and receiving, based on the request, the plurality offrames of the content.
 2. The method of claim 1, further comprising:causing, based on the media device entering the second state, playbackof the plurality of frames at the first rate to cause an effect ofdisplaying the content at the second rate.
 3. The method of claim 1,further comprising: storing, in a cache, a plurality of key frames,wherein the plurality of key frames have been determined based on aplurality of states of playback that are likely to follow the firststate.
 4. The method of claim 1, wherein the plurality of frames isassociated with a continuous segment of the content, wherein thecontinuous segment overlaps a current playback point of the content. 5.The method of claim 1, wherein the plurality of frames comprises keyframes and differential frames, wherein a number of differential framesincluded in the plurality of frames is based at least in part on alatency characteristic of communication with the computing device. 6.The method of claim 1, wherein a number of frames included in theplurality of frames is based at least in part on a resolution associatedwith the second state.
 7. The method of claim 1, wherein the probabilityis based on at least one of: a playback location, metadata indicative ofa usage pattern, or a proximity to a commercial in the content.
 8. Adevice comprising: one or more processors; and memory storinginstructions that, when executed by the one or more processors, causethe device to: determine information indicative of a first state ofcontent playback on a media device, wherein the first state isassociated with playback of content at a first rate; predict, based on aprobability of transitioning to a second state of content playback fromthe first state, transitioning to the second state, wherein the secondstate is associated with playback of the content at a second rate; send,to a computing device and based on the predicting, a message comprisinga request for a plurality of frames of the content that are eachseparated by an amount of time based at least in part on the secondrate; and receive, based on the request, the plurality of frames of thecontent.
 9. The device of claim 8, wherein the instructions, whenexecuted by the one or more processors, further cause the device to:cause, based on the media device entering the second state, playback ofthe plurality of frames at the first rate to cause an effect ofdisplaying the content at the second rate.
 10. The device of claim 8,wherein the instructions, when executed by the one or more processors,further cause the device to: store, in a cache, a plurality of keyframes, wherein the plurality of key frames have been determined basedon a plurality of states of playback that are likely to follow the firststate.
 11. The device of claim 8, wherein the plurality of frames isassociated with a continuous segment of the content, wherein thecontinuous segment overlaps a current playback point of the content. 12.The device of claim 8, wherein the plurality of frames comprises keyframes and differential frames, wherein a number of differential framesincluded in the plurality of frames is based at least in part on alatency characteristic of communication with the computing device. 13.The device of claim 8, wherein a number of frames included in theplurality of frames is based at least in part on a resolution associatedwith the second state.
 14. The device of claim 8, wherein theprobability is based on at least one of: a playback location, metadataindicative of a usage pattern, or a proximity to a commercial in thecontent.
 15. A non-transitory computer-readable storage medium storingcomputer-readable instructions that, when executed by a processor,cause: determining information indicative of a first state of contentplayback on a media device, wherein the first state is associated withplayback of content at a first rate; predicting, based on a probabilityof transitioning to a second state of content playback from the firststate, transitioning to the second state, wherein the second state isassociated with playback of the content at a second rate; sending, to acomputing device and based on the predicting, a message comprising arequest for a plurality of frames of the content that are each separatedby an amount of time based at least in part on the second rate; andreceiving, based on the request, the plurality of frames of the content.16. The non-transitory computer-readable storage medium of claim 15,wherein the computer-readable instructions, when executed by theprocessor, further cause: causing, based on the media device enteringthe second state, playback of the plurality of frames at the first rateto cause an effect of displaying the content at the second rate.
 17. Thenon-transitory computer-readable storage medium of claim 15, wherein thecomputer-readable instructions, when executed by the processor, furthercause: storing, in a cache, a plurality of key frames, wherein theplurality of key frames have been determined based on a plurality ofstates of playback that are likely to follow the first state.
 18. Thenon-transitory computer-readable storage medium of claim 15, wherein theplurality of frames comprises key frames and differential frames,wherein a number of differential frames included in the plurality offrames is based at least in part on a latency characteristic ofcommunication with the computing device.
 19. The non-transitorycomputer-readable storage medium of claim 15, wherein a number of framesincluded in the plurality of frames is based at least in part on aresolution associated with the second state.
 20. The non-transitorycomputer-readable storage medium of claim 15, wherein the probability isbased on at least one of: a playback location, metadata indicative of ausage pattern, or a proximity to a commercial in the content.